The nineteenth century started with the first European military inventions in the Orient and ended with most of it under direct colonial rule. This new political reality manifested itself, inter alia, in the urban architecture of the colonizer (The 'Occident'), as well as in the urban architecture of the colonized (The 'Orient'). European styles began to shape the outlook of the "Oriental" cities and the tastes of their elites. European and European-trained designers acted as interpreters of the architectural heritage of the colonized spaces, as they documented, analyzed, and classified the structures they encountered. Their work resulted in the emergence of hybrid styles of building and decoration, which were used in both East and West, styles that borrowed freely from the varied repertoires of non-western architectures, and blended them with various European architectural styles. The results came to be known collectively as the "Oriental styles" and individually as the Neo-Moorish, Neo-Mamluk, and Neo-Mughal and so on. This course will focus on the Neo-Mamluk architecture in Egypt, as a reflection of the unequal East-West encounter.