The focus of this course is on trials first in Europe after the war, and thereafter   in Israel of  Jews who were accused of being Nazi collaborators. By analyzing these legal proceedings we will seek to comprehend changes in Holocaust consciousness in Israel. The trials were based on the Nazis and Nazi Collaboration (Punishment) Law enacted by the Knesset in 1950. We will discuss the special circumstances prevailing in Israel in the early 1950s that prompted the Knesset to enact this law, whose real target was not Nazis but Jewish collaborators, as well as the moral implications of the act.  A key part of the course will be the 1954-1955 Kasztner Trial, which aroused a fierce public debate in Israel over the ways in which Jews under German control behaved.