This course explores the thought of Jewish Philosophers in the Modern Era, from Spinoza to Buber, while engaging with questions such as: How did Jewish self-conceptions evolve in the Modern Era? What are the philosophical roots of Jewish Secularism? How did philosophers such as Kant, Hegel, Nietzsche and Kierkegaard influence Modern Jewish philosophers? And how did various historical and intellectual conditions lead to innovative political insights within Jewish culture?