This course deals with the changing attitudes towards Jewish boys and girls in modern Europe, and with the gradual adoption of modern concept of childhood in Jewish realm. This process that started at the end of the 17th century and reached to its peak in the 19th century will be illustrated by looking at various aspects of Jewish children and youth culture: nurturing infants and raising children, parents-children relations, education and children leisure, as well as cultural differentiations on the basis of age and gender. We will study about the emergence of rites of passage of Jewish boys and girls, about the changes at the age of marriage, and about the special cultural elements distinguishing the world of children and youth that appeared in this period in the Jewish sphere. Special emphasis will be placed on the processes of change in educational perceptions and in the traditional Jewish educational system.