The course explores the dynamics of the relations between Jews and non-Jews throughout Antiquity. Readings will focus on the cultural aspect of the formation and the development of a Jewish identity in Antiquity in relation to the different cultures and societies that composed the Ancient Near East and the Mediterranean basin. The seminar will analyze the definition of a Jewish people and a Jewish identity through the prism of the relations between Jews and their neighboring peoples and cultures. Special attention will be given to the Jewish life against the cultural framework of the Hellenistic world, and to the parallel developments of an array of Jewish and Christian beliefs in Late Antiquity