Delocalized electrons and their effect on stability, reactivity, and pKa. Radicals. Aromaticity and reactions of benzene. Reactions of substituted benzenes.

Carbonyl compounds: Reactions of carboxylic acids and carboxylic derivatives, reactions of aldehydes and ketones, reactions at the α- carbon. Oxidation-reduction reactions. Amines and heterocyclic compounds. The organic chemistry of amino acids, peptides, and proteins. General concepts in catalysis.