2018 - 2019 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
0341-4083 | Geophysical Methods in Archaeology | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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FACULTY OF EXACT SCIENCES | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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INTRODUCTION TO ARCHAEOLOGICAL GEOPHYSICS
0341-4083
Lev Eppelbaum
Dept. of Geophysics and Planetary Sciences
Tel Aviv University
(E-mail: levap@post.tau.ac.il, room 208/Kaplun Building, Phone: 5086)
This course may be interesting not only for students-geophysicists, but also for students of archaeological and environmental Depts.
General course goals:
Contents
1. Introduction
1.1. Archaeological Geophysics in Israel
1.2. Geophysical targets and noises in their study
1.3. Geophysical method application for solving applied problems: General information
2. Introduction
2.1. Types of geophysical surveys and their limitations
2.2. Two geophysical fundamentals: inverse problem solution and direct problem solution
2.3. Petrophysical support of interpretation
2.4. Consecution of geophysical data processing and interpretation
3. Magnetic Field
3.1. Basic concepts and units
3.2. Magnetic properties of minerals and rocks
3.3. Earth’s magnetic field
3.4. Direct and reverse magnetization
3.5. Brief explanation of paleomagnetic studying in archaeology
4. Magnetic field
4.1. Magnetic survey using magnetometer and gradientometer
4.2. Magnetic field temporary variations and methods of their removing
4.3. Influence of artificial magnetized objects
4.4. Influence of rugged relief
5. Inverse Problem Solution in Magnetic Prospecting
5.1. Preparing magnetic data for quantitative interpretation
5.2. Techniques of magnetic anomaly interpretation under simplified conditions
5.3. Techniques of magnetic anomaly interpretation under complicated environments
6. Gravity field
6.1. Basic concepts and units
6.2. Density properties of soil, rocks and archaeological targets
6.3. Gravity field of the Earth
6.4. Reduction of gravity fields at land
6.5. Gravity field anomalies (positive and negative) over typical archaeological objects
6.6. Quantitative interpretation (inverse problem solution) of gravity anomalies
6.7. Examples of quantitative interpretation over archaeological targets
7. Self-Potential (SP) method
7.1. Origin of Self-Potentials
7.2. Physical-geological limitations of SP method
7.3. Field survey using potential and gradient arrays
7.4. Noises in SP method and their reducing
7.5. Quantitative interpretation of SP anomalies caused by archaeological targets
8. Very Low Frequency (VLF) field of distant transmitters
8.1. VLF-transmitters: their destination, location and physical principles
8.2. VLF electromagnetic radiation as quasi-stationary field
8.3. VLF temporary variations and ways for their removing
8.4. VLF field observations and influence of rugged relief
8.5. Quantitative interpretation of VLF anomalies due to ancient remains
9. Near-surface thermal prospecting (NSTP)
9.1. Physical basis of NSTP
9.2. Thermal conductivity of archaeological targets and surrounding medium
9.3. How we can remove influence of surface temperature waves?
9.4. Reducing of terrain relief influence
9.5. Quantitative interpretation of temperature anomalies
9.6. NSTP and archaeological objects localization
10. Electric resistivity method
10.1. Brief physical foundation of resistivity method
10.2. Electric properties of geological rocks and archaeological targets
10.3. Methodology of field measurements
10.4. Analysis of resistivity maps
10.5. Quantitative interpretation of resistivity anomalies
10.6. Application of resistivity method in archaeology
11. Ground penetrating radar (GPR)
11.1. Physical principles of GPR
11.2. Methodology of field measurements
11.3. Examples of GPR application at various archaeological sites
12. Other physical methods
12.1. Remote sensing: A common view
12.2. Global positional system and archaeology
12.3. Metal detector
12.4. Induced polarization
12.5. Near-surface seismic prospecting
12.5. Recognition of ancient earthquake patterns
13. Filtering and transformations of geophysical fields
13.1. Filtering of geophysical fields
13.2. Transformations of geophysical fields
13.3. Upward and downward continuation of geophysical fields
14. Principles of 3-D modeling of Gravity and Magnetic Fields Under Complicated Environments
14.1. 2-D, 2.5-D and 3-D description of geological medium
14.2. GSFC program for 3-D combined modeling of gravity and magnetic fields: A short review
14.3. Physical-Archaeological Model as a basic notion
14.4. Application of 3-D modeling on practice
15. Integrated Interpretation of Geophysical Data
15.1. Optimization of geophysical investigations
15.2. Choice of geophysical integration
15.3. Statistic-probabilistic approach to combined interpretation
15.4. Estimation of geophysical interpretation reliability
16. Development of 4-D geophysical-archaeological Data Base
16.1. Necessity of the geophysical-archaeological DB development
16.2. 3-D and 4-D geophysical-archaeological DB
16.3. Israeli geophysical-archaeological DB as component of a global scientific system
References
Aitken, M.J., 1974. Physics and Archaeology. Oxford University Press, London.
Eppelbaum, L.V., 2010. Archaeological geophysics in Israel: Past, Present and Future. Advances of Geosciences, 24, 45-68.
Eppelbaum, L., Ben-Avraham, Z. and Itkis, S., 2003. Ancient Roman Remains in Israel provide a challenge for physical-archaeological modeling techniques. First Break, 21 (2), 51-61.
Eppelbaum, L.V., Khesin, B.E. and Itkis, S.E., 2001. Prompt magnetic investigations of archaeological remains in areas of infrastructure development: Israeli experience. Archaeological Prospection 8(3), 163-185.
Eppelbaum, L.V., Khesin, B.E. and Itkis, S.E., 2010. Archaeological geophysics in arid environments: Examples from Israel. Journal of Arid Environments, 74, No. 7, 849-860.
Khesin, B.E., Alexeyev, B.E. and Eppelbaum, L.V., 1996. Interpretation of Geophysical Fields in Complicated Environments. Ser.: Modern Approaches in Geophysics. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Parasnis, D.S., 1997. Principles of Applied Geophysics. Chapman & Hall, London.
Vogell, A. and Tsokas, G.N. (Eds.), 1993. Theory and practice of applied geophysics, v. 7, Geophysical Exploration of Archaeological Sites, Vieweg Verlag, Wiesbaden.
Telford, W.M., Geldart, L.R. and Sheriff, R.E., 2001. Applied Geophysics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.