הדימוי המדיטטיבי בתרבות ימי הביניים

The Meditative Image in Medieval Culture

מסגרת הקורס: סמינר תואר שני, תש"ף (4 ש"ס)

המרצה: ד"ר רננה ברטל כהן

renanabartal@tauex.tau.ac.il

שעת קבלה: לפי תיאום מראש

דרישות הקורס:

נוכחות בשיעורים, השתתפות בדיונים במהלך השיעור, קריאת ספרות מחקר , כתיבת סמינר/רפרט.

מרכיבי הציון הסופי:

הצגת רפרט בכיתה 10%, סמינר/רפרט כתוב %90.

תאור הקורס:  

דימויים רבים בתרבות הויזואלית של ימי הביניים מושכים אותנו למבט ארוך ומתמשך. כיצד הם עושים זאת? חוקרים רבים משתמשים בתואר "מדיטטיבי" כדי לתאר את המבט המתמשך והעושר הפרשני שמעוררים דימויים מסוימים. אבל מהי בדיוק מדיטציה בתרבות ימי הביניים? ומה הקשר בינה לבין דימויים ויזואליים? קורס זה יבחן את פרקטיקת המדיטציה והשינויים שעברה מן המרחב הנזירי למרחב הפרטי בין המאות השתיים עשרה והארבע עשרה. נעסוק בשאלה כיצד משמשים אותה דימויים  תוך בחינה של פרקטיקות קריאה מדיטטבית, שימוש בדימויים מנטליים כמו גם בדימויים של ממש אשר נועדו לתפילה. 

Medieval images often invite us to gaze at them attentively. How do they do that? Scholars sometime use the words “meditative” or “contemplative” to describe the type of engagement elicited by certain types of medieval images. But what do these terms mean? This course will focus on the practice of meditation in medieval culture and the changes it underwent between the twelve and fourteenth centuries. We will consider how images served meditation and meditative reading, and pay particular attention to the practice of mental visualization and the use of images for prayer.

נושאי הקורס:

1. הקדמה: התחלות והגדרות

1. האימגו פיאטטיס Imago pietatis

Panofsky, Erwin. "imago Pietatis": Ein Beitrag Zur Typengeschichte Des "schmerzensmanns" U. D. "maria Mediatrix". Leipzig, 1927.

Ringbom, Sixten. Icon to Narrative: The Rise of the Dramatic Close-up in Fifteenth-century Devotional Painting. Doorspijk: Danao, 1984.

Belting, Hans. The Image and its Public in the Middle Ages: Form and Function of early Paintings of the Passion. New York, 1990. (Pages to be determined)

Merck, Mitchell B., “The Man of Sorrows in Northern Europe: ritual Metaphor and Therapeutic Exchange.” New Perspectives on the Man of Sorrows, ed. Catherine R. Puglisi and William L. Barchan. Kalamazoo, 2013, 77-116.

1. האיקונה בין מזרח למערב

Belting, Hans. Likeness and Presence: A History of the Image Before the Era of Art. Chicago, 1990. (pages to be determined).

Neff, Amy. "Byzantium Westernized, Byzantium Marginalized: Two Icons in the Supplicationes variae," Gesta, XXXVIII\1, 1999, 81-103.

Derbes, Anne. Picturing the Passion in Late Medieval Italy: Narrative Painting, Franciscan Ideologies, and the Levant. Cambridge, 1996 (pages to be determined).

4-5) מדיטציו בין המאה ה - 12 ל - 14.

Richard of St. Victor, The Twelve Patriarchs. The mystical Arc. Book

Three of the Trinity. Trans. and intro. by G. A. Zinn. Mahwah, 1979 (pages to be determined).

Guigo the Carthusian, The Ladder of Monks and Twelve Meditations: A Letter on the Contemplative Life, trans. Edmund Colledge and James Walsh. London: Mowbray, 1978; reprinted Kalamazoo, MI: Cistercian Publications, 1981.

Leclercq, Jean. The love of learning and the desire for God: a study of monastic culture. New York: Fordham University Press, 1961.

Carruthers, Mary. The Craft of Thought: Rhetoric, Meditation, and the Making of Images, 400-1200. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.

Carruthers, Mary. “Meditation,” Women and Gender in Medieval Europe: An Encyclopaedia ,ed. M.Schaus et al. New York: Routledge, 2006.

Baier, Karl. “Meditation and Contemplation in High to Late Medieval Europe.” Eli Franco, ed. Yogic Perception, Meditation and Altered States of Consciousness, Wien: Verlag der OEAW, 325-349.

6-7) מדיטציו, תפילה והדימוי הויזואלי

Ringbom, Sixten. “Devotional Images and Imaginative Devotions.” Gazette des Beaux-Arts, lxxiii (1969), 159–70.

Hamburger, Jeffrey. “The Visual and the Visionary: The Image in Late Medieval Monastic Devotions.” Viator (1989), 163–82.

Carruthers, Mary. The Book of Memory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.

Ransom, Lynn. “The Eyes Have It: The Question of Redemptive Vision in the Verger de soulas (Paris, BNF, MS fr. 9220)." Beyond the Text: Franciscan Art and the Construction of Religion, Franciscan Institute Publications, 2013.

Lewis, Flora. “Rewarding Devotion: Indulgences and the Promotion of Images.” Studies in Church History, 28, 179-94

9-10) המדיטציונס ויטה כריסטי: הגדרות, ויכוחים והדימוי הויזואלי

McNamer, Sarah. “The Origins of the Meditationes Vitae Christi.” Speculum  84 (2009): 905-55.

McNamer, Sarah. “The Debate on the Origins of the Meditationes vitae Christi: Recent Arguments and Prospects for Future Research.” Archivum Franciscanum Historicum 111:1-2 (June 2018): 65-112.

Toth, Peter and Dávid Falvay, "New Light on the Date and Authorship of the Meditationes Vitae Christi.” Devotional Culture in Late Medieval England and Europe Diverse Imaginations of Christ’s Life, Turnhout: Brepols, 2014, 17-107.

Flora, Holly. The Devout Belief of the Imagination: The Paris 'Meditationes Vitae Christi' and Female Franciscan Spirituality in Trecento Italy. Turnhout: Brepols, 2009.

Bartal, R., “Repetition, Opposition and Invention in an Illuminated Meditationes Vitae Christi.” Gesta 53.2 (2014): 155–74.

11) הקורא המדיטטבי

Sand, Alexa. Vision, Devotion and Self Representation in Late Medieval Art. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2014.

Sand, Alexa. “Vision, Devotion, and Difficulty in the Psalter-Hours of Yolanda of Soissons”, The Art Bulletin, 87/1 (2005), 6-23.

ביבליוגרפיה:

Baier, Karl. “Meditation and Contemplation in High to Late Medieval Europe.” Eli Franco, ed. Yogic Perception, Meditation and Altered States of Consciousness. Wien: Verlag der OEAW, 2009, 325-49.

Bartal, R. “Repetition, Opposition and Invention in an Illuminated Meditationes Vitae Christi.” Gesta 53.2 (2014): 155–74.

Belting, Hans. Likeness and Presence: A History of the Image Before the Era of Art. Chicago, 1990.

Belting, Hans. The Image and its Public in the Middle Ages: Form and Function of early Paintings of the Passion. New York, 1990.

Carruthers, Mary. The Craft of Thought: Rhetoric, Meditation, and the Making of Images, 400-1200. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.

Carruthers, Mary. The Book of Memory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.

Carruthers, Mary. “Meditation,” Women and Gender in Medieval Europe: An Encyclopaedia, ed. M.Schaus et al. New York: Routledge, 2006.

Derbes, Anne. Picturing the Passion in Late Medieval Italy: Narrative Painting, Franciscan Ideologies, and the Levant. Cambridge, 1996.

Guigo the Carthusian, The Ladder of Monks and Twelve Meditations: A Letter on the Contemplative Life, trans. Edmund Colledge and James Walsh. London: Mowbray, 1978; reprinted Kalamazoo, MI: Cistercian Publications, 1981.

Flora, Holly. The Devout Belief of the Imagination: The Paris 'Meditationes Vitae Christi' and Female Franciscan Spirituality in Trecento Italy. Turnhout: Brepols, 2009.

Hamburger, Jeffrey. "The Visual and the Visionary: The Image in Late Medieval Monastic Devotions." Viator (1989), 163–82.

Leclercq, Jean. The Love of Learning and the Desire for God: a Study of Monastic Culture. New York: Fordham University Press, 1961.

Lewis, Flora. “Rewarding Devotion: Indulgences and the Promotion of Images.” Studies in Church History, 28, 179-94

McNamer, Sarah. “The Debate on the Origins of the Meditationes vitae Christi: Recent Arguments and Prospects for Future Research.” Archivum Franciscanum Historicum 111:1-2 (June 2018): 65-112.

McNamer, Sarah. “The Origins of the Meditationes Vitae Christi.” Speculum (2009): 905-55.

Merck, Mitchell B., “The Man of Sorrows in Northern Europe: ritual Metaphor and Therapeutic Exchange.” New Perspectives on the Man of Sorrows, ed. Catherine R. Puglisi and William L. Barchan. Kalamazoo, 2013, 77-116.

Neff, Amy. “Byzantium Westernized, Byzantium Marginalized: Two Icons in the Supplicationes variae.” Gesta, XXXVIII\1, 1999, 81-103.

Panofsky, Erwin. "imago Pietatis": Ein Beitrag Zur Typengeschichte Des "schmerzensmanns" U. D. "maria Mediatrix". Leipzig, 1927.

Ransom, Lynn. “The Eyes Have It: The Question of Redemptive Vision in the Verger de soulas (Paris, BNF, MS fr. 9220)." Beyond the Text: Franciscan Art and the Construction of Religion, Franciscan Institute Publications, 2013.

Richard of St. Victor. The Twelve Patriarchs. The Mystical Arc. Book

Three of the Trinity. Trans. and intro. by G. A. Zinn. Mahwah, 1979.

Ringbom, Sixten. “Devotional Images and Imaginative Devotions.” Gazette des Beaux-Arts, lxxiii (1969), 159–70.

Ringbom, Sixten, Icon to Narrative: the Rise of the Dramatic Close-up in Fifteenth-century Devotional Painting. Doorspijk: Davao, 1984.

Sand, Alexa. Vision, Devotion and Self Representation in Late Medieval Art. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2014.

Sand, Alexa. “Vision, Devotion, and Difficulty in the PSalter-Hours of Yolanda of Soissons”, The Art Bulletin, 87/1 (2005), 6-23.

Toth, Peter and Dávid Falvay, “New Light on the Date and Authorship of the Meditationes Vitae Christi.” Devotional Culture in Late Medieval England and Europe Diverse Imaginations of Christ’s Life, Turnhout: Brepols, 2014, 17-107.