The aim of this course is to discuss the punishments of the leading figures of the Nazi regime and other Nazi criminals who participated in the murder of the European Jews from the end of the Second  World War until 1949.  These trials conducted by the Allies are known as the "Nuremberg Trials". There were however hundreds of other trials in the four occupied zones in Germany. In this context, the concept behind the new legal category of “crimes against humanity,” the definition of genocide, the UN Genocide Convention and notably the perception of the Holocaust will be discussed.  Another issue were the efforts of the leaders of the Zionist movement and other  Jewish activists to convince the prosecutors to emphasize the uniqueness of the "Final Solution", the aim of the Nazis to annihilate the Jewish people. There efforts and the Allies response will be discussed as well.