The course deals with one of the most fundamental problems of the Holocaust: The response of Europeans to the persecution and the murder of their Jewish compatriots. Three patterns of response typified the attitude of the population in Europe to the Jewish tragedy: Noninvolvement (The Bystanders), Collaboration (The Collaborators), Rescue (Righteous among the Nations)

According to this division, various patterns of reaction will be examined, emphasizing   similarities and differences in the attitude of various populations to the fate of the Jews . The discussions will relate to  both countries that collaborated with the Germans and countries that were occupied by them.  We will inquire who were the collaborators and who were the rescuers, what were their  main motives and what was  their impact on the implementation of the "Final Solution". Discussions will deal with both events during the war with their reflection in the collective memory and the public discourse in Europe since the end of the War.