This introduction is a presentation of archaeological aspects of the Greek and Roman world vis-a-vis their impact on the Land of Israel from the Persian period (5th century BCE) onwards. Its main aim is to present the archaeological reality in order to provide a better understanding of ancient civilizations. The course is divided into three parts. The first is devoted to the main aspects of archaeology in general and Classical archaeology in particular, referring to technical background of the archaeological work and its development from the middle ages up to-day, including cultural, ideological and political aspects. The second part deals with the main aspects of classical archaeology according to its main fields, namely architecture, art and pottery. Auxiliary aspects are presented as well, such as epigraphy and numismatics. The third part of the course is a presentation of the archaeological reality of the Land of Israel during the Classical periods (mainly the Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine periods) against the background of the oriental culture in general and the Jewish culture in particular, with reference to the written sources (such as the Bible, the New Testament, Josephus Flavius' writings, Books of Maccabees, Mishna, Talmud, Christian Fathers etc). The course will deal with building techniques, urbanization, fortifications, public and private buildings, cultural material, art etc. Some of the main sites will be presented as case studies, e.g., Jerusalem, Caesarea, Beth Shean (Scythopolis) etc.