During the nineteenth century Europe experienced dramatic changes: unprecedented demographic growth; industrialization and urbanization on a wide scale (first in Western Europe and the rest of the continent during the century); the creation of new modes of transportation, modern infrastructure and new technologies; political revolutions and challenges to the old order; the crystallization of important ideologies such as liberalism, conservatism, nationalism, socialism, and proto - fascism. Nevertheless, the "World of Yesterday" continued to exist and exert influence in many places: in the strength of the political and social agrarian elites; the centrality of religion and religious ritual; political and ethnic heterogeneity of large areas in central, eastern and southern Europe and the nostalgic longing for small intimate communities. The tension between a capitalist dynamic society and traditionally framed modes of life gives the nineteenth century a dramatic and turbulent character. In this course we will deal specifically with the French Revolution; the upheavals of the Napoleonic era; with the growth of nationalism; with the emergence and critique of liberalism; with demographic and economic changes; with the growth of European cities and urban culture; with revolutions of 1848-9; the political unification of Germany and Italy; and with the new imperialism of the latter part of the 19^th century.